The world of Dominion is about to get way darker and more sinister in Dominion: Intrigue, the first standalone expansion for the hit card game that took the world by storm. Mingle with shady conspirators, torturers and swindlers. Meet your contacts in the secret chamber or the shanty town. Make sure everyone knows who's in charge around here. As they say, nice guys finish last. And the race for Dominion is about to get really dirty!
Dominion: Intrigue is a standalone expansion for the award-winning Dominion card game that shook the gaming world in 2008. Being a standalone expansion, it can be played together with the base game, but it can also be played just as well on its own. This review focuses on the Dominion: Intrigue expansion. If You Want to know more about how the base game is played, please Read Our Dominion review.
As the name implies, the theme in Dominion: Intrigue is All About underhanded dealings and mysterious agents using covert tactics to help you achieve control. A large number of the cards in this set support that theme, actively tampering with your opponents' hands and decks, and forcing them to trash valuable cards. A new card type is also introduced: cards that act as both victory cards as well as either treasure or action cards.
There are a number of dangerous-sounding cards in the set, with names like swindler, minion, saboteur and torturer. They also have dangerous abilities to match. The Saboteur is able to force opponents to trash an expensive card and replace it with something cheaper. For the same cost as a Silver, the Swindler lets you swap a card from opponents' decks with another card of your choosing, in addition to providing you with 2 coins. The Torturer forces opponents to either discard 2 cards or draw a curse card, in addition to letting you draw 3 cards! These action-attack cards are just a few examples of the cards that will make life really difficult for your opponents. Some people have complained that Dominion is like a game of solitaire Where You just focus on Your Own deck. Well, it's evident that there's going to be a whole Lot More interaction in this expansion!
There is also a new type of card that was introduced in this expansion, or more accurately a new combination of card types. There are now cards that are a combination of a victory card and either an action or treasure card. Previously, players were hesitant (with good reason) to buy victory cards early, as drawing too many of them would mean you wouldn't be able to play or buy anything. These new cards solve that problem. The Great Hall gives you an extra card and action in addition to a victory point, while the Harem gives you 2 coins and 2 victory points. These cards are a bit more expensive than comparable cards, but that's the price you have to pay for flexibility!
There are plenty of other interesting cards in the set, including the Duke who is worth more victory points the more Duchies you have. There is also the Coppersmith that doubles the value of coppers, and the Bridge that makes every card cost 1 less. There is also the Wishing Well that rewards you if you can correctly guess the top card of your deck, and the Masquerade card that makes players give cards to each other. Plenty of fun to go around!
It is great to see Dominion grow with expansions like this, adding new themes and mechanics to an already-strong core game. The theme idea is really nice, allowing players to roleplay their quest for dominion, whether it be via open war or through subterfuge and stealth. There are also more thematic expansions coming our way; as of mid-2010, the Seaside and Alchemy expansions are available, and the Prosperity expansion is just round the corner.
Being a standalone Expansion Set with so many new game-changing cards, Dominion: Intrigue is awesome for both beginners and experienced players alike. You Don't need the base game to play it, but mixing the cards here with the core cards gives you so many more game variations and opens up very interesting strategies. And last but by no means least, this expansion allows up to 6 players to play the game!
Complexity: 2.5/5.0 Playing Time: 30 to 45 minutes Number of Players: 2 to 6 players
Steven maintains a Board Game review website at http://www.ageofboards.com/ - a website devoted to the best and latest board and Card Games. You can Read Game reviews and customer comments via this website.
Can you play sims 3 world adventure Expansion Pack without the first game cd?
I just want to know if I can skip the first game and just play the expansion pack.
Nope
The expansion pack is just that: An expansion from the first game
Classic Game Room HD - ATARI COLECOVISION Expansion Module 1
Africa Tour & Safaris,selous Game Park Safaris,ruaha,mikumi,saadani
THE SELOUS GAME RESERVE. Covering about 55,000 km sq. The largest protected wet wilderness area in Africa. Is crossed by the Rufiji river one of the biggest river in Tanzania and its tributaries which form a network of lakes ideal for boat safaris Selous hold the largest population of the rare species of African hunting dogs, it thought that over 1000 dogs existing in the Reserve. There is no were in Africa you could have a good chance to sport the Hunting dogs than Selous Game reserve. About 80,000 Elephants and 4,000 Lions are existing in in this reserve.and thousands of Giraffes,African Buffalos,and different species of Antelopes.Also Leopards and Cheetahs are sported.
Wildlife observation and bird watching(440 catalogued species) take place in a superb natural setting.
A range of activities offered are; boat safari, foot safari, fly camping and 4x4game drive makes Selous unique to the rest
"Respect nature's rhythm, you can be assured of close contact with the wildlife".
Getting there Scheduled and/or charter flights from Dar-es-salaam,Ruaha. Road accessible year around.About 5 hours 4X4 drive via Kibiti Lindi,and 8 hours via Morogoro from Dar-es-salaam Also 5-6 hours drive to Mikumi National Park By TAZARA train it takes about 5 hours,and you drop at Kisaki station north of Selous Gr.[Train goes twice a week.].For more information Contact us
What to do Game viewing by 4x4drive. Foot safari escorted with armed ranger. Boat safari. Camping safari. Village tour in Kisaki village(maasai village,bantu village and hot spring) Best time For predators and other big animals from June to late February
Climate The reserve receiving two rains a season a year,the short rains fall in November and December,the long rains starts from late February to late May. Temperature range between 18-37 degrees C,November is the hottest month and June is the coolest month.
ACCOMMODATIONS IN SELOUS GAME RESERVE.
SABLE MONTAIN LODGE.
Located just outside the Matambwe park headquarters on the western boundary of the reserve. The camp is spread out over a hillside with outstanding views of the Uluguru Mountains. The closest camp to the TAZARA railway makes this the best option if travelling to Selous by train.
THE ACCOMMODATION
The original camp consisted of 8 spacious stone cottages fully en suite and all with great views from verandahs to the Uluguru Mountains.
Then 2 tented bandas elevated on stilts also overlooking the Ulugurus were added slightly apart from the cottages. These are also spacious with huge bathrooms and verandahs.
Finally 2 luxury honeymoon tented bandas also raised on stilts were built on the other side of the main hill overlooking a valley and the Beho Beho Hills. With outdoor shower and private plunge pool they represent arguably the best value accommodation in Selous.
THE FACILITIES
There are two main restaurant and bar areas, one lower down the hill near the stone cottages and one at the top of the hill next to the swimming pool.
A tree house overlooks a small waterhole on the west side of the park.
THE SAFARIS
The camp is located just outside the reserve so it is best to decide on and book the safari options at the camp. Early morning and afternoon half Day Game drives., a full day excursion including a boat safari at Lake Tagalala., walking safaris.
THE VERDICT
Good value for money and very hospitable staff make this a very personalised stay. Unpretentious and the only lodge in Selous that directly benefits the local communities surrounding the reserve through your visit, $5p.p./night goes directly to the community.
The fun train journey from Dar passes through Selous making Sable a good accommodation choice in it's own right or as a combination stay with other more expensive lodges inside the reserve.
SELOUS IMPALA CAMP
The camp is set in a great location amidst Borassus aethiopum palms and Tamarind trees overlooking the Rufiji river. Inside the reserve.
THE ACCOMMODATION
Just 6 luxury tents raised on platforms with private balcony overlooking the Rufiji River. All tents are fully en suite and furnished in period style.
THE FACILITIES
There is a large and comfortable thatched low-slung central dining building and bar with wide open verandahs overlooking the river.
Nearby there is a sheltered, good sized swimming pool.
THE SAFARIS
Early morning and afternoon game drives, boat safari on the Rufiji River and walking safaris, as well as fishing
THE VERDICT
Superb location, tents are slightly on the small side but have great views of wildlife from the verandah.
SELOUS MBEGA CAMP
The camp is situated in its own forest reserve on the banks of the Rufiji River, just outside the eastern Mtemere gate of Selous Game Reserve.
THE ACCOMMODATION
There are eleven tents mostly built on wooden platforms, mosquito & insect proof, with en- suite bathrooms, and a verandah. Nine of the tents overlook the Rufiji River. One looks at a dried out waterhole at the rear of the camp.
THE FACILITIES
The Restaurant and Bar are situated under a palm leave thatched roof around a Mahogany tree, facing the Rufiji River. There is also an additional sundown area and Bar. A resident troop of black and white colobus monkeys frolic around the bar area.
A viewing tower overlooks a seasonal waterhole.
THE SAFARIS
Game viewing in 4wd vehicles, walking safaris and a boat safari on the Rufiji River. Cultural trips to the local villages surrounding the Selous Game Reserve can also be arranged.
THE VERDICT
This represents the cheapest tented camp/lodge option for visiting Selous and is basic but good value. The camp doesn't pretend to be anything that its not and if You Are willing to forego some comforts to be able to visit Selous then this is the best base to do it from cheaply.
RUFIJI RIVER CAMP
The longest established and largest camp in Selous is located just next to the Mtemere gate on the banks of the Rufiji River.Inside the reserve.
THE ACCOMMODATION
Twenty tents are laid out along the river bank, with panoramic views of the sunset and the river from a private seated area. The tents are basic but comfortable with twin beds and ensuite toilet and shower.
THE FACILITIES
A recent development is the shaded swimming pool, and there is a central library and mess area
THE SAFARIS
Early morning and late afternoon game drives, walking safaris and a boat safari on the Rufiji River.
THE VERDICT
A functional camp with a fantastic location and always the chance to spot hippo From Your tent. Good value in the medium budget range but none of the fancy extras which can pump up the costs in some camps.
SELOUS BIG 5 LODGE
This new lodge is situated at the Rufiji River, some 20 minutes from the park border of the Selous Game Reserve, and 30 minutes from Mtemere airstrip.
Selous Big 5 Lodge has 4 bandas (huts) and a family bungalow, with hot an cold water, proper showers and toilets, double bed with mosquito nettings and a wardrobe. All bungalows are overlooking the majestic Rufiji River, with its abundance of birds, and sometimes you can spot hippos and even crodiles directly from the lodge!
The lodges organises Boat Safaris on the Rufiji River, Walking Safaris, cultural village tours and game drives in the Selous Game Reserve. Of course also airport transfers (Mtemere), so that it's perfect for fly-in Safaris, from either Zanzibar or Dar, or even Arusha, to combine it with a visit of the northern parks of Tanzania.
JIMBIZA LODGE SELOUS
The new Jimbiza Lodge is located at the river banks of the Rufiji River, near the village of Mloka, just outside the Selous Game Reserve, Mtemere Gate. It's nicely built, and definitely can compete with the fancy lodges inside the game reserve.
Jimbiza Lodge Selous provide 5 spacious walk in tents, and 10 bungalows. All accommodations have ensuite bathrooms with hot and cold showers, mosquito nettings and a large terrace overlooking the river.
The view of the Rufiji River are fabulous! On a unique boat Safari you can see lots of hippos, crocodiles, and lots of different bird species. There are also many different indigenous tree species found in this area.
THE FACILITIES
There is a restaurant direct on the river banks, and a separate bar and lounge. furthermore the lodge has a small swimming pool, Where You can cool off during the day, if you decide not to do any of the below activities.
THE SAFARIS
game drives
walking Safaris
cultural village tours
night game drives
boat Safari on the Rufiji River
Bird watching Safaris
HIGH BUDGERT ACCOMMODATIONS
Beho Beho Camp
Located in the western region of Selous on the plains looking out towards Lake Tagalala, this is one of the few camps NOT situated on the Rufiji river. However the panoramic views and procession of wildlife do not make this a problem.
THE ACCOMMODATION
Recently renovated after years of neglect the 8 stone cottages are very spacious and well furnished to the point of excess. The cottages are open faced and have their own telescopes for game viewing from comfortable chairs inside the cottage.
The open air showers are superbly constructed from local stone and wood and the general feel which makes Beho Beho different from other camps is this is more like a small cottage than a room to sleep in.
THE FACILITIES
The huge central dining area and bar is furnished along the lines of an old hunting lodge complete with a full sized billiards table, deep leather chairs and Persian rugs. Meals can be taken from the main table, one of the several lookout posts in the main building or under the stars.
A small swimming pool is located near the central building and a waterhole attracts animals throughout the day.
THE SAFARIS
Game drives, expertly guided walking safaris and boat safaris on Lake Tagalala. The walking safaris particularly in this region are to be recommended.
THE VERDICT
The camp has been very well renovated and is in a scenic location. The somewhat over the top extravagance is reminiscent of a traditional colonial hunting lodge. Management and guiding staff has a very strong Zimbabwean and South African influence.
SELOUS SAFARI CAMP
A luxury tented camp located on the banks of the Rufiji River. The camp has recently been redesigned and is now separated into two discreet areas, each with its own sitting and dining area, and its own swimming pool.
One of the two areas is available for small groups on an exclusively private basis.
Tents designed with widest side to front, to maximize views and breeze
6ft wide double beds with bedside tables & lamps
Ceiling fans and 240v lighting
En suite bathrooms with double brass basins, cupboard space and dressing area
Adjoining shower area open to the skies
Two verandas- one to front off the bedroom, second off rear of tent
Laundry services available
THE FACILITIES
One mess area is elevated onto tall platforms and the other is set amongst a grove of trees, both with large comfortable sofas, and wildlife Reference Library
Table d'hote dining makes the most of African influences and local fresh fruit, vegetables & spices
The swimming pools are set in shade with day beds and towels
THE SAFARIS
- Game drives in open 4-wheel drive vehicles
- River safaris in boats with outboard motors
- Walking safaris
- Fishing
- Mobile bush camping in pristine surroundings (pre-booking essential)
THE VERDICT
Slight pretensions of grandeur are easily forgotten by the quality of the stunning surroundings, imaginative accommodation, expertly guided safaris and overall service.
For more detail email us;info@rafikiwildlifesafari.com
Otto began his experience with wildlife when he was a young boy. He was born in a small village in the southern Selous Game Reserve buffer zones. He received his primary and secondary education in his village and then began working in Selous with a safari company. He later decided to train in Arusha where he received his advanced certificate in wildlife and tourism.
He regularly works in many Tanzanian National Parks & game reserves such as Selous, Mikumi, Ruaha, Udzungwa and Saadani. He has seven years experience working as a safari guide in the African wilderness and brings his passion, knowledge and expertise to every safari experience
I don't get it, what is this "New way to watch football" thing that Dish Network is adv? Redzone or Endzone?
I see a dang commercial about it every 40 seconds it seems!!!
The commercial says it's a new way to watch or something, and says....EVERY team....EVERY game....EVERY somethin or other...
and it's called Redzone or Endzone or something through Dish Network.
Any idea what exactly it is?
Thanks!
NFL RedZone goes around every NFL game on Sunday afternoons delivering the touchdowns and most exciting moments as they happen and in high definition. When a team goes inside the 20-yard line, fans see the crucial plays live. The channel keeps fans up-to-date in Real Time, switching from game to game with live look-ins, highlights and a chance to see every important play.
Aika online is a typical PVP massively multiplayer Online Game with no subscription fees, presented by Gpotato.com and the developer is also the Neo Steam: The Shattered Continent. In San Francisco's GDC 2010, Gpotato's team said, the game is a f2p cool online role-Playing Game, delivering a rich platitude of PVE elements such as monsters to slay, dungeons to explore, and quests to perform, but the primary goal of the game is focused on player-versus-player (PVP) competition, so much so that there are three different ways to engage in PVP at any given time.
This comprehensive PvP system is unique among current MMORPGs for its gigantic scope, and it is this element – along with a fantastically detailed world and sweeping storyline – which has earned the game many enthusiastic reviews for its quality of play.
Like many other fantasy-themed online games, Aika allows you to create a main character from various classes, such as a warrior or wizard, and seek achievement by fighting monsters and performing quests
Likewise, you'll be able to deck your character out with various accouterments, such as fancy weapons and armor, and there will be animal mounts you can ride, though the game will have a somewhat playful side–for instance, one of the in-game mounts is a giant armored hamster (yes, a giant armored hamster). In addition, once any character reaches level seven, he or she may take on a pet called a "pran," which is essentially an extremely young girl who will grow and develop into a young lady with various combat proficiencies depending on how you approach your relationship with her. Prans can use elemental powers, such as fire, water, and wind, and can be groomed to be intelligent wizards or fierce fighters. e intelligent wizards or fierce fighters.
With over 1,000 quests, hundreds of monsters, and 15 gorgeously rendered areas, Aika holds its own as a thrilling single-player experience. However, it is the depth of the PvP system that sets this game apart. The world of Aika features five nations – each possessing its own distinct personality and populated by thousands – which, along with a comprehensive guild system, lays the groundwork for truly epic military clashes. Guilds and nations may ally with each other in exciting Castle Sieges to gain control of a nation and lord over its subjects, while entire nations may scheme with and against each other to win wars with glory, treasure, and powerful ability enhancements at stake.
Let's take a look at what other sites are saying regarding Aika Online:
GameFaqs:
Besides boasting the standard MMO features like questing, dungeon-running and crafting, Aika is heavily focused on PvP features. Aika is optimized for large scale Nation Wars where thousands of players can fight at one time. In Aika you can: fight for control over your nation during a Castle Siege, attack an enemy nation to capture their magical artifacts to boost your nation's power, and participate in a variety of exciting PvP games in the battlegrounds.
MMORPG:
Dragon Nest is an upcoming fantasy MMO published by Nexon and developed by Eyedentity games. Set to feature real-time dynamic combat with chain attacks and more, Dragon Nest concerns the tale of the poisoned Goddess Altea, and the heroes who gather in the land of Lagendia to fight to save her by battling invading hordes of enemies, including dragons, and finding magic stones for an antidote. One of the game's most salient features is the ability for a player character to learn to transform into a dragon.
ComputerGames:
A special feature of AIKA Online is the Plan System. It seems a little like pet system that your character could grow up while you playing the game. At the beginning, your character will be a child and according to different ways of foster, it will hold different attributes and finally become a adult.
How do you get around the creatures Talon throws at you in Dungeon Siege 2?
Talon seems to be generating summoned creatures to hinder the party from getting to the Ballista. What methods do you use to get around this and use the Ballista to its best advantage and is a direct attack on Talon possible?
-send your party back up the elevator to the inner keep
-take your best-armored highest health character and use wait mode to send him to the ballista. you can only hit talon with the ballista and he is only vulnerable when perched on the castle walls
-once you've hit talon a few times, durvla will be catapulted to the battlements. switch to mirror party order and call your party to you to help deal with the durvla while hitting talon when you have a chance
he takes ~8 hits
Dungeon Siege (PC) Single Player - New Game Intro & Gameplay
Are You wanting to play free computer games online, atany moment during the day or night, and for the amount of time You Want? These days, everybody has the ability to connect to the internetand there are a lot of free online games that we Can Play in our spare time. So whether You Are looking to play free computer games or whether you just like classic Board Games - you can find themand play free computer games online!
Most people who use a computer love to play free computer games. There are free games for people to enjoy of every age and of every interest, computer games are just a great way to get rid that extra tension you have.
So what sorts of games do you like to play? Are you new to theworld of online games? Are your kids sick of the Nintendo Wii - well give them something different to play! Find some free computer online games TODAY!
There are lots of people that play free computer games, and these are designed for people of all ages and not just for children
Where can YOU Find Free Games to Play Online Anytime, Day or Night?
Free full version computer games are great to play Any Time of the day or night. They are perfect when you can't get to sleep, when you are bored or any time, even when you are sometimes talking on the phone, or chatting away with your mom. If you enjoy multi-player games, you will always Have Fun, whether day or night - as someone will always be online to play against you!
The great thing is that the internet is always there and no matter what time it is you can play at all times of the day or night. This gives you something productive to do other than waisting your brain away in front of the TV.
How to Find Legitimately FREE Gaming Sites on the Internet!
You have to be careful about choosing the website Where You choose to play your free computer games. You Need to make sure the game site you do choose is a safe one. You Don't want to get a computer virus or have Your Computer hacked into Want a cool place to play games come to www.star-alliances.com
About the Author
For more information on where to play free computer games come to www.star-alliances.com
If Iran's contribution to the world culture in the pre-Islamic phase is shrouded in the mist, its contribution in the Islamic period is quite clear. Unfortunately, as most of the Iranian scholars of the time accepted Arabic as the lingua franca of their scientific and philosophic works and thus wrote their books in Arabic, the legacy of Iran today, is at times erroneously attributed to the Arabs. But we have the word of many European scholars on this point who have demonstrated how grand and prolific the Iranian legacy has been. Italian scholar Aldo Mieli tells us that: "The principle part of Arab science of the Orient is created by the Persians. Without any possible contestation, in fact it is to Persia that belongs the best names of these greatest of Savants such as Razi, Avicenna and Biruni."
The late Professor Edward Browne says: "Take from what is generally called Arabian Science, from Exegesis, Tradition, Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, Lexicography, History, Biography, even Arabic Grammar, the work contributed by Persians and the best part is gone." As Professor Rene Grousset writes in L'Ame de l'Iran: "Iran enters in earnest into Islam and finds in it, Iran. Better still, it finds new means of action, a new emanation, because Islamisation of Iran had for its counter-attack, in a large measure, the penetration of Iranian spirit into vast sectors of the Islamic world. Besides, history is unanimous in recognizing the capital role that the Iranian thinkers, authors and artists as well as the Iranian administrators have played in the Abbassid civilization as much at the court of Arab Caliphs as at the courts of Turkish Sultanates."
Sir William Muir writes that: "With the rise of Persian influence, the roughness of Arab life was softened and there opened an era of culture, toleration and scientific research."
But unfortunately European scholars are traditionally in the habit of belittling the share of Iranian post-Islamic scholars in the independent research and speculation in theoretical matters. They only try to give these scholars the role of "transmitters" of Greek culture, philosophy, science and no more. However, this view is quite unfair and shows a bias of old standing. The true share of post-Islamic Iranian savants, in scientific development is really Much More than "an intermediary and transmitter". These scientists and scholars not only improved the old scientific data by shrewd study, interpretation, experimentation and recalculation of the results found by the ancients, but they also broke fresh grounds and discovered new ideas by independent research and even created new sciences which were not extant in classical times.
AbuReyhan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Biruni (973-1048 A.D.), one of the greatest scholars the world has ever known, shows in the following passage the broad-mindedness and the scientific maturity of the Iranian scholars of the Islamic period. He says: "...and I have truly done what every scientist is bound to do in respect to any particular science - that is, to accept gratefully the original contributions of my predecessors, to correct fearlessly the errors that came to my attention, and to preserve what I myself discover and to leave it as a record for the future generations that are to follow me."
On the Nebulae and the Milky-way, in 'Qanun Mas'oodi', a bookauthored by Biruni nearly 966 years ago, he remarks: "In the skies we have some objects not resembling the stars in their roundness and light. They are the white patches called the Nebulae. Some of these are considered to be composed of the clusters of the stars." Biruni disagreed with Aristotle and his supporters' opinion that the position of the Milky-way is below the sphere of the planets and rightly believed them to belong to the highest sphere of the stars. Similarly he had discarded the view held in Astrology and supported by Aristotle that the fixed stars injure the sight and cause sorrow and misfortune!! Biruni and his predecessors knew of Earth's center of gravity many centuries prior to Newton.
AbuBakr Mohammad Ibn Zakarya Razi (865-925 A.D.), also known as Rhazes, the greatest Iranian scientist of the early Islamic age tells us that: "Science and philosophy cannot accept complete surrender. Sheer copying of the sayings of the masters without regard for reason, and thus toleration is not allowed in these matters. A philosopher does not like his students to capitulate without questioning whatever he states." According to Dr. Max Meyerhof: "Rhazes was undoubtedly the greatest physician of the Islamic world and one of the greatest physicians of all times. He studied Medicine in Rey [near Tehran] and was acquainted with Greek, Persian and Indian Medicine." Razi was the frst surgeon who used alcohol as a disinfectant. The most celebrated of his works is that on "measles and smallpox". This book was first translated into Latin and later into other languages including English. It was printed some forty times between 1498 and 1866. Razi also pioneered the use of sheep's intestines to sew up the skin with stitches. He was also the first to give an account of the cataract operation and was the first to describe the pupil's reflex to light.
Today in Chemistry, Razi is recognized and considered as the father of Modern Chemistry. We are told by H.E. Stapleton that: "We may safely claim that henceforth Razi must be accepted as one of the most remarkable seekers after knowledge that the world has ever seen...his Madkhal and Kitab-ol-Asrar will alone be sufficient to ensure for Razi a permanent and distinguished place in the history of scientific thought."
AbuAli Hoseyn Ibn Abdollah Sina (980 - 1037 A.D.) also known as Ibn Sina or Avicenna, was another great contribitor to the science of Chemistry by refuting the case of alchemists who thought baser metals could be converted into precious ones. His books and works on this subject were quoted by Albertus Magnus and later authors, for many years. Ibn Sina developed the theory of impetus. He discovered that in a void, once the impressed force caused a violent motion, the latter will persist indefinitely. Furthermore, he stated that bodies moving by a given power would travel inversely proportional to their weights and the bodies moving with a given velocity would travel distances directly proportional to their weights.
AbuNasr Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Farabi (874 - 950 A.D.) along with Ibn Sina added much to what the Greeks taught in the theory of Music. On the theory of the physical bases of sound, Iranians certainly made great advances, especially in the question of the spherical propagation of sound. Farabi was studied in Europe, and both him and Ibn Sina were quoted often on the treatises on Music that appeared in Europe up to the 17th century. Farabi also realized the importance of politics in the philosopher's search for Truth About God, the universe, reality and man. He said that: "philosophy must aim at the perception of the Creator and the philosopher must strive to become in his actions like God." According to him, the end of man is happiness. This was a tenet of Zoroastrians and the Achaemenids, where it is stressed that: "Ahura Mazda - The all-knowing God created Man and created happiness for man." For Farabi, the central issue of politics was the highest good or hapiness of man.
In Mathematics, Iranian contributions are indeed execptional. In Algebra, Professor Aldo Mieli tells us that: "Al-Khwarazmi's book on Algebra has not only created the term 'algebra', and given it its actual meaning but has really inaugurated a new era in the science of mathematics even if we find some fore-runners in this type of calculation".
The late German Orientalist, Paul Luckey, tells us that Ghiyath-Oddin Kashani in his book 'Miftah-ol-Hissab' (the key of arithmatic), defined and used the decimal fractions 160 years before the Belgian mathematician Simon Stevin published his book in 1585 A.D. discussing the same notions.
In Trigonometry the contribution of Iranian mathematicians is monumental. In fact they developed and perfected both the Plane and the Spherical Trigonometry. Names of eminent Iranian scientists such as Abolvafa (940 - 998 A.D.), Battani and Khawjeh Nassir Tusi (1201 - 1273 A.D.) are quite conspicuous in this branch of science. The latter's book "Treatise on Quadrilateral" is considered as one of the most illuminating scientific books on spherical Trigonometry.
In Astronomy, Baron Carra de Vaux tells us that "whatever be the renown of the Orientals such as philosophers, physicians and alchemists, one can say that in no other branch of science, have they intermingled in the intellectual life of the Occidentals as they have done in astronomy". These scientists improved and perfected the Astronomical instruments. They have made some new and improved methods and made many new observations. They were keen researches who considered and discussed theories proposed by their predecessors with a critical mind. The science of astronomy was indeed enriched by their works. Walter Fischel tells us that the calendar devised by the well-known Iranian philosopher and mathematician of the 11th century A.D., Omar Khayyam, may have been more accurate than the Gregorian one designed 5 centuries later.
It was through Tusi's effort that the building of an observatory as an independent institution came to be recognized. The Observatories in which the Danish and the German astronomers, Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler worked in the 16th century A.D. were a direct continuation of the Maragheh Observatory (in Northwestern Iran), built 3 centuries earlier. It was through Khawjeh Nassir Tusi's effort and speculative insight that the "Tusi Couple" was discovered. Tusi's revolutionary invention has been the basis for all the computations made by Copernicus, Galileo and other European Astronomers up to the advent of Kepler.
In many other branches, Iranian scientists observed new facts and by registering them helped to create the nucleus for new sciences. Biruni is considered by many, the founder of the science of Geodesy. He was the forerunner of the English economist Thomas Malthus on the latter's theory of population, for about 800 years. Iranian scientist and mystics were not bashful to talk about the origin of species and the theory of evolution even in the early Islamic period.
Iran was for several millennia an enormous civilizing force in the greater part of Asia, Africa and Europe. In later years, it imposed its cultural influence through the Saljuqs and the Ottoman Sultans in Eastern Europe. The late British historian, Professor Arnold Toynbee, tells us that the Ottoman Emperors up to the advent of Shah Ismail (the founder of the Safavid Dynasty), looked to Iran for intellectual light and guidance. According to him: "The territories which were conquered from the Orthodox Christendom by theSaljuqs and the Osmanlis, were a kind of Colonial extension of the Iranic world and, the representatives of the Iranic Society in these partibus infidelim, like its representatives in Hindustan, depended for the maintenance of their culture upon a steady flow of arts, ideas, and of immigrants to import them from the homelands of the Iranic civilization in Iran itself." The same was true of Transoxania. Mongol India was completely under the charm of the radiating Iranian culture. As Dr. Percival Spear says in his History of India: "Persian tastes, ideas and attitudes are so imbedded in North India that they are often thought to be local products."
Even in the Safavid times, Iranians never abandoned their special love of sciences. Jean Chardin, who came to Iran in the early 17th century, tells us that: "The Persians love and honor the scientists and those who study the sciences to such an extent that one can easily say that their dominant taste is the respect and study of the sciences. They give it the entire span of their lives, their marriage, number of children, their professional obligations, even poverty cannot dissuade them from its persuance..."
The obscurant and despotic rule of the mullahs and the catastrophies they have brought upon the benevolent people of Iran will indeed someday come to an end. Sooner, if we dispose of such paltry prescriptions like the emergence of an "Ayatollah Gorbachev"and/or a futal search for moderate elements in an outlaw regime. Nonetheless, the kindhearted, peace-loving people of Iran, namely, the primary victims of the current anti-Iranian regime, ought to receive the full moral and political support of the world community and indeed not be the brunt of remarks of the "rogue"and "terrorist" genre. Simply said, in a nation where cultural tolerance, noble thoughts, deeds and speech have been promoted, practiced and propagated for several millennia, the 'current regime' in Iran, represents nothing other than a cancerous phenomenon.
About the Author
drizharnium@gmail.com, Bangalore India
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